Figure 1

Phenotypic and physiological changes in cold-stressed cassava. (A) 3-month-old cassava subjected to low temperature stress (7°C) for 0, 4, and 9 h in a chamber under weak light showing phenotypic changes. (B) Fully expanded cassava leaf (Left panel) and TEM analysis of a chloroplast (CP1, Right panel). (C) Low-temperature treated cassava leaf showing dehydration and necrosis (Left panel) and TEM analysis showing chloroplast abnormalities (CP2, Right panel). (D) MDA contents in cassava apical leaves exposed to 7°C for 0, 4, 9, and 24 h. (E) Proline accumulation in cassava apical leaves exposed to 7°C for 0, 4, 9, and 24 h. The double asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) for the data of the stress-treated samples compared to those of the unstressed samples. The mean values are calculated from three biological replicates; the error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). Bar = 500 nm.