Table 3 Enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms in male-bias and female-bias genes

(A) Brain tissue

Male: differentially expressed: 702; best Blastx hits in NR database: 420; genes with GO terms: 237

Ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling (GO:0035235: BP)

13 (46)

< 0.0001

GRIK5 (2of2); GRIK4; GRIN2A (1 of 2); Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1

Ion transmembrane transport (GO:0034220: BP)

29 (529)

< 0.0001

Potassium channels: KCNJ3; KCNJ11 (1of2); KCNH1; KCNA1 (2 of2), Calcium channels: CACNA1I (4of4); Ryanodine receptor (RYR2 (1 of 3)), Sodium channel: SCN8A(2of2)

Regulation of cell development (GO:0060284: BP)

9 (203)

0.00699

Lens calpain-3 (CAPN3); distal-less homeobox gene-1a (DLX1a); protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-d (PTPRD); retinal cadherin-4 (CDH4 (1 of 2))

Cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation (GO:0021702: BP)

3 (11)

0.00068

LIM/homeobox protein (LHX1); voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A (CACNA1A) ; LIM domain binding-1 (LDB1(2 of 2))

Integral to membrane (GO:0016021: CC)

84 (2448)

< 0.0001

Hypocretin (orexin) receptor-1 (HCRTR1); multidrug resistance-associated protein 9; coiled-coil domain containing 149 CCDC149 (2 of 2); protocadherin 15b; gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor, alpha-3 (GABRA3)

Female: differentially expressed: 1764; best Blastx hits in NR database: 1596; genes with GO terms: 955

Endothelial cell migration (GO:0043542: BP)

10 (44)

< 0.00036

Sushi-repeat containing protein, X-linked2 (SRPX2); angiopoietin1 (ANGPT1); myosin heavy chain 9,non-muscle (MYH9(2 of 2))

Gonad development (GO:0008406: BP)

8 (37)

0.00194

WNT10A; WNT5A; secreted frizzled related proteins (SFRP1, SFRP5) ; TGFB2; Phospholipase A2 groupIVa (PLAG4A);

Immune response (GO:0006955: BP)

23 (135)

< 0.0001

WNT5A; TGFB2; kelch-like protein 6 (KLHL6); MHC classI-E (HLA-E); complement component (C6); MHC class II invariant chain (CD74(1of2)); chemokine(C-X-C motif) ligand12 (CXCL12(2of2))

Integrin-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0007229: BP)

8 (35)

0.00132

Integrin b1 binding protein1 (ITGB1BP1); Integrin, alpha10 (ITGA10);Integrin beta (ITGBL1, ITGB3a); nicotinamide riboside kinase-2 (NMRK2(2of2))

DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation (GO:0006270: BP)

5 (10)

0.0002

Minichromosome maintenance complex components (MCM2,MCM3,MCM4,MCM5,MCM6)

proteinaceous extracellular matrix (GO:0005578: CC)

61 (151)

< 0.0001

ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin family members (ADAMTS12, ADAMTS15); NID1 (1of2); FBN3; MFAP2; CYR61 (2of2); COL4A1; COL10A1; COL11A1; WNT11; matrix metalloproteinases (MMP12, MMP14,MMP2 )

(B) Tail tissue

Male: differentially expressed: 755; best Blastx hits in NR database: 635; genes with GO terms: 404

Neuropeptide signaling pathway (GO:0007218: BP)

5 (15)

< 0.00016

Tachykinin, precursor 1 (TAC1); prepronociceptin PNOC (1 of 2); secretogranin V (7B2like) (SCG5); brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor-3 (BAI3)

Neurotransmitter transport (GO:0006836: BP)

11 (46)

0.00057

Syntaxin1B (STX1B); solute carrier family (SLC6A2, SLC6A5); syntaxin binding protein 1 STXBP1 (1 of 2)

Locomotory behavior (GO:0007626: BP)

9 (42)

0.00072

Glycine receptor subunit beta (GLR-b2); choline O-acetyltransferase CHAT (2 of 2); astrotactin 1 (ASTN1)

*melanosome (GO:0042470:CC)

4 (15)

0.00241 0.01329

5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase TYRP1 (1 of 2, 2 of 2); Tyrosinase TYR (2 of 2); synaptotagmin-like-2 (SYTL2); adenosine deaminase CECR1

*Pigment biosynthetic process (GO:0046148: BP)

4 (25)

Insulin receptor binding (GO:0005158: MF)

4 (14)

0.00156

Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 SORBS1; DOK7 (1 of 2); growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GRB10)

Female: differentially expressed: 705; best Blastx hits in NR database: 616; genes with GO terms: 387

Glycolysis (GO:0006096: BP)

12 (43)

< 0.0001

lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA); phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1); pyruvate kinase, muscle (PKM (1 of 2)); glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI (2 of 2)); 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM)

DNA-dependent DNA replication (GO:0006261: BP)

10 (29)

< 0.0001

Topoisomerase2a (TOP2a); primase, DNA, polypeptide 1 (PRIM1); tonsoku-like, DNA repair protein (TONSL); minichromosome maintenance complex components (MCM2, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6); polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon2 (POLE2)

Mitosis (GO:0007067: BP)

13 (91)

0.00105

Aurora kinase C AURKC; cyclin-dependent kinase 1 CDK1 ; spindle apparatus coiled-coil protein 1 SPDL1; cyclin B1 CCNB1; non-SMC condensin I complex, subunitH, subunitD2 (NCAPH, NCAPD2); checkpoint kinase-1 (CHEK1)

Proteinaceous extracellular matrix (GO:0005578: CC)

26 (125)

0.00106

Secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (osteonectin) (SPARC); versican VCAN VCAN (2 of 2); tenascin(TNC (1 of 2)); collagens (COL11A1a, COL11A1b, COL27A1 (2 of 2))

(C) Gonad Tissue

Male: Differentially expressed: 4891; Best Blastx hits in NR database: 3879; Genes with GO terms: 2033

Cilium assembly (GO:0042384: BP)

32 (46)

< 0.0001

Radial spoke head 9 homolog (RSPH9); ARPC4-TTLL3 readthrough; forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1); Transmembrane proteins (TMEM237, TMEM17, TMEM231); B9 protein domain 1 (B9D1); coiled-coil and C2 domain containing-2A (CC2D2A)

Spermatogenesis (GO:0007283: BP)

25 (58)

< 0.0001

Kelch-like family member 10 KLHL10 (3 of 3); rhophilin associated tail protein 1-like (ROPN1L); phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline-b ( PCYT1B (1 of 2)); Outer dense fiber protein 2/Cenexin (ODF2)

Meiosis I (GO:0007127: BP)

12 (25)

0.00025

MutS homolog 5 (E. coli) MSH5; DMC1 dosage suppressor of mck1 homolog, meiosis-specific homologous recombination (DMC1); HORMA domain containing 1 HORMAD1; cyclin B1 interacting protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase CCNB1IP1

Fertilization (GO:0009566: BP)

8 (14)

0.00064

KLHL10 (3 of 3); spectrin, beta, non-erythrocytic 4 SPTBN4 (1 of 2); glycine receptor, beta GLRB (1 of 2); polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-1 (PTPB1)

Female: Differentially expressed: 5163; Best Blastx hits in NR database: 4577; Genes with GO terms: 2847

Regulation of BMP signaling pathway (GO:0030510: BP)

15 (27)

< 0.00028

Forkhead box H1 (FOXH1); Noggin (NOG); WNT5a; activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1); follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1); bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15); growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9)

Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling (GO:0008543: BP)

21 (47)

< 0.00094

Kinesin family member-16Bb (KIF16bb); sal-like-4 (SALL4); serine threonine-protein phosphatase 2a (PP2a); sal-like 1 (SALL1); catenin, beta 1 (CTNNB1); fibroblast growth factor receptor-1(FGFR1 (2 of 2)); sprouty homolog 1, antagonist of FGF signaling (SPRY1); FGF20, FGF13, FGF 10

Focal adhesion (GO:0005925: CC)

26 (50)

< 0.0001

Filamin A alpha FLNA (2 of 2); ezrin EZR (1 of 2); Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor-7 (ARHGEF7 (al 3 paralogs)); syndecan-4 (SDC4); PDZ and LIM domain 2 (PDLIM2); talin 2 TLN2 (2 of 2)

Blood vessel development (GO:0001568: BP)

90 (234)

< 0.0001

Forkhead box H1 (FOXH1); lysophosphatidic acid receptor-2(LPAR2 (2 of 2)); angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2); Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor-7(ARHGEF7(3 of 3)); melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM1 of 2); angiopoietin-like-1(ANGPTL1 (2 of 2)); activin A receptor, typeI (ACVR1); activin A receptor type II-like-1(ACVRL1)

Proteinaceous extracellular matrix (GO:0005578: CC)

50 (111)

< 0.0001

Netrin-4 (NTN4 (2 of 2)); sparc/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domains proteoglycan (testican) (SPOCK2 (2 of 2)); collagens (COL9A2, COL5A2, COL11A1a, COL11A1b, COL27A1 (2 of 2)); ADAMTS8