Fig. 5

Diagrams of example models fitted to gene copy number data for human, chimp, and macaques. a Homogeneous: autosomal genes, msrY-linked singletons, and AGs of all species evolve at the same rate for all lineages. b Lineage heterogeneity: Hominini lineage evolves differently from the Old World Primate lineages (shown in gray); autosomal and msrY-linked genes evolve at the same rate(s). c Gene heterogeneity and lineage heterogeneity: autosomes (abbreviated “Aut”) and msrY-linked genes (abbreviated “Y”) evolve differently from each other; there is also lineage heterogeneity between Hominini and Old World Primates (illustrated in lighter colours). d Autosomal, singleton, and AGs all evolve separately from each other. In this example, there is lineage heterogeneity for the autosomal and singleton genes (illustrated in lighter colours) but lineage homogeneity for the AGs. e similar to (d), except that autosomal genes have been separated into singleton (black and gray) and multicopy (navy and blue) gene categories. Triangles at the leaves labeled “Macaques” illustrate that the models were fit to msrY data from the nine macaque species, while leaves labeled “Rhesus” (without triangles) indicate that the models were fit just to the rhesus macaque autosomal data