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Table 1 Effect of supplemental feeding with 5 % linseed oil or 5 % safflower oil on test day milk fat percentage, protein percentage and individual fatty acid profiles (g/100 g) of Canadian Holstein cows

From: Transcriptome adaptation of the bovine mammary gland to diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids shows greater impact of linseed oil over safflower oil on gene expression and metabolic pathways

Parameter

 

Linseed oil treatment

 

Overall

Safflower oil treatment

 

Overall

 

Day-14

day+7

day+28

P-value

Day-14

day+7

day+28

P-value

Fat percent

3.621c ± 0.146

3.51c ± 0.150

2.521b ± 0.150

0.0001

3.692d ± 0.094

3.423c ± 0.101

2.495b ± 0.100

0.0001

Protein percent

3.367c ± 0.089

3.286b ± 0.091

3.364bc ± 0.121

0.195

3.420c ± 0.074

3.306b ± 0.064

3.685c ± 0.091

0.0001

aFatty acid

        
 

eC4:0

2.476 ± 0.244b

0.787 ± 0.244c

0.986 ± 0.244c

0.0000

2.276 ± 0.234b

1.261 ± 0.234c

0.894 ± 0.243c

0.0013

 

C6:0

1.930 ± 0.200b

1.647 ± 0.200b

0.753 ± 0.200c

0.0003

2.202 ± 0.193b

1.844 ± 0.193b

0.722 ± 0.199c

0.0000

 

C8:0

0.071 [0.049-0.105]b

0.039 [0.027- 0.058]c

0.020 [0.013-0.031]c

0.0000

0.077 [0.054-0.109]b

0.041 [0.029-0.058]bc

0.028 [0.017-0.048]c

0.0239

 

C11:0

0.026 [0.012-0.058]

0.024 [0.011-0.053]

0.015 [0.007-0.034]

0.4416

0.037 [0.017-0.077]

0.017 [0.008-0.036]

0.032 [0.014- 0.076]

0.2575

 

C12:0

0.184 ± 0.362b

1.572 ± 0.362b

1.175 ± 0.362b

0.0037

1.454 ± 0.347

1.408 ± 0.347

1.060 ± 0.361

0.7419

 

C13:0

0.035[0.019-0.065]

0.029 [0.015-0.054]

0.014 [0.008-0.026]

0.0795

0.051 [0.029-0.092]b

0.022 [0.012-0.039]bc

0.008 [0.005-0.015]c

0.0009

 

C14:1 t

0.023[0.014- 0.035]b

0.014 [0.009-0.021]bc

0.010 [0.007- 0.016]c

0.0288

0.024 [0.016-0.036]

0.015 [0.010-0.023]

0.013 [0.008-0.020]

0.1071

 

C14:1

1.166[0.508-2.677]b

0.266 [0.120-0.591]c

0.109 [0.047-0.250]c

0.0009

1.086 [0.504-2.341]b

0.274 [0.127- 0.590]c

0.090 [0.039- 0.205]d

0.0000

 

C14:0

13.161 ± 1.646b

8.004 ± 1.646c

5.726 ± 1.646c

0.0060

13.626 ± 1.581b

9.572 ± 1.581c

5.900 ± 1.633d

0.0016

 

C15:0

0.468[0.175-1.250]b

0.025 [0.009-0.066]c

0.018 [0.007-0.049]c

0.0000

0.427 [0.166-1.099]b

0.017 [0.007-0.044]c

0.016 [0.006-0.042]c

0.0001

 

C16:0

34.439 ± 5.085b

14.653 ± 5.085c

8.502 ± 5.085c

0.0022

31.419 ± 4.886b

13.141 ± 4.886c

15.542 ± 5.082c

0.0301

 

C17:0

2.809 ± 0.446b

1.643 ± 0.446c

1.157 ± 0.446c

0.0108

2.585 ± 0.428b

1.792 ± 0.428bc

1.018 ± 0.443c

0.0555

 

C18:0

4.080 ± 1.930c

11.540 ± 1.930b

3.491 ± 1.930c

0.0040

5.430 ± 1.855c

15.916 ± 1.855b

5.967 ± 1.926c

0.0000

 

C18:1n9t

0.191 ± 0.027bc

0.216 ± 0.027b

0.147 ± 0.027c

0.0132

0.121 ± 0.026

0.200 ± 0.026

0.136 ± 0.027

0.0394

 

C18:1n9c

10.940 ± 3.450

13.174 ± 3.450

14.442 ± 3.450

0.7999

8.903 ± 3.314c

21.429 ± 3.314b

12.595 ± 3.446bc

0.0025

 

C18:1n11t

0.023 [0.007-0.074]c

0.160 [0.049-0.519]b

0.175 [0.054-0.567]b

0.0132

0.028 [0.009- 0.088]c

0.087 [0.028-0.269]bc

0.391 [0.121- 1.269]b

0.0074

 

C18:2n6cc

0.064[0.019-0.215]b

0.186 [0.055-0.626]c

0.051 [0.015-0.172]b

0.0000

0.101 [0.032-0.325]b

0.281 [0.087-0.901]c

0.069 [0.021-0.232]d

0.0000

 

C18:2n6tt

0.172 [0.094-0.316]

0.018 [0.010-0.031]

0.030 [0.017-0.054]

0.1878

0.219 [0.125-0.383]

0.083 [0.047- 0.145]

0.028 [0.016-0.051]

0.1892

 

C18:3n3

0.068 [0.025-0.183]

0.164 [0.061-0.442]

0.249 [0.092-0.672]

0.2115

0.070 [0.027-0.181]

0.115 [0.044-0.299]

0.190 [0.070-0.512]

0.2577

 

CLA:9c11t

0.047 [0.022-0.068]c

0.053 [0.036-0.076]bc

0.069 [0.047-0.100]b

0.3582

0.045 [0.022-0.093]

0.054 [0.026-0.113 ]

0.073 [0.034- 0.156]

0.7682

 

CLA:10t12c

0.014 [0.008-0.023]c

0.071 [0.044-0.120]b

0.047 [0.030-0.075]b

0.0129

0.020 [0.014-0.029]c

0.034 [0.022-0.053 ]b

0.038 [0.024-0.062]c

0.3535

 

C20:0

0.013[0.008- 0.021]

0.022 [0.013-0.036]

0.021 [0.013- 0.035]

0.2941

0.014 [0.008-0.022]

0.010 [0.006-0.017]

0.013[0.008- 0.022]

0.5565

 

C20:1C5

0.067 [0.024-0.183]

0.019 [0.007- 0.051]

0.020 [0.008-0.053]

0.0524

0.061 [0.024- 0.154]

0.038 [0.015- 0.101]

0.014 [0.005-0.036]

0.0880

 

C20:1C8

0.011 [0.005-0.027]

0.078 [0.033-0.187]

0.104 [0.042-0.258]

0.0053

0.027 [0.012-0.062]

0.008 [0.004-0.019]

0.018 [0.008-0.044]

0.1279

 

C20:1C11

0.014 [0.008-0.025]

0.030 [0.017- 0.053]

0.027 [0.015-0.048]

0.1911

0.011 [0.006-0.020]c

0.038 [0.022-0.067]b

0.034 [0.019-0.061]b

0.0001

 

C20:2

0.003 [0.002-0.005]

0.003 [0.002-0.005]

0.003 [0.002-0.005]

0.8993

0.003 [0.002-0.005]c

0.005 [0.003-0.008]b

0.014 [0.008-0.024]b

0.0047

 

C20:5n3

0.008[0.005-0.013]c

0.016 [0.009- 0.026]bc

0.020 [0.012-0.034]b

0.0144

0.007 [0.004-0.011]

0.006 [0.004-0.010]

0.012 [0.007- 0.021]

0.0895

 

C20:3n3

0.004[0.002-0.008]c

0.014 [0.008-0.024]b

0.021 [0.012-0.038]b

0.0003

0.004 [0.002-0.007]c

0.006 [0.003-0.010]c

0.020 [0.012-0.035]b

0.0017

 

C22:5n3

0.004 [0.002-0.009]c

0.009 [0.005-0.018]bc

0.014 [0.007-0.027]b

0.0507

0.007 [0.004-0.013]

0.006 [0.003-0.011]

0.007 [0.004-0.014]

0.6231

 

C22:0

0.011[0.008-0.015]b

0.005 [0.004-0.008]c

0.006 [0.004-0.008]c

0.0096

0.009 [0.007- 0.012]

0.008 [0.006-0.011]

0.006 [0.004-0.008]

0.1160

 

C22:5n6

0.020 [0.013-0.031]

0.011 [0.007-0.017]

0.016 [0.010-0.025]

0.1746

0.011 [0.007-0.016]

0.015 [0.010-0.023]

0.013 [0.008-0.020]

0.4620

 

C22:6n3

0.038 [0.023-0.064]b

0.019 [0.012-0.029]bc

0.011 [0.007-0.017]c

0.0036

0.028 [0.019-0.042]

0.027 [0.018-0.041]

0.015 [0.009-0.024]

0.1126

 

C23:0

0.041 [0.009-0.190 ]c

0.168 [0.038-0.739]b

0.044 [0.010-0.194]bc

0.0133

0.053 [0.013- 0.221]

0.110 [0.026-0.455]

0.037 [0.009- 0.163]

0.4339

 

C24:0

0.028 ± 0.004b

0.014 ± 0.004c

0.019 ± 0.004bc

0.0117

0.030 ± 0.004b

0.023 ± 0.004bc

0.015 ± 0.004c

0.0139

 

Total SFA

60.743 ± 7.772b

40.580 ± 7.772bc

22.162 ± 7.772c

0.0059

60.974 ± 7.467b

45.653 ± 7.467bc

32.264 ± 7.748c

0.0314

 

Total MUFA

13.125 ± 3.510

14.189 ± 3.510

15.808 ± 3.510

0.8823

11.429 ± 3.372c

22.300 ± 3.372b

13.556 ± 3.505bc

0.0064

 

Total PUFA

0.559 [0.327-0.958]c

0.768 [0.449-1.316]bc

1.385 [0.809-2.372]b

0.0049

0.709 [0.423-1.190]c

0.849 [0.730-2.135]bc

1.190 [1.306-3.672]b

0.0124

  1. aThe mean values of C4:0, C6:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:1n9t, C24:0, total SFA (saturated fatty acids) and total MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) are represented as MEAN ± SEM, while those of C8:0, C11:0, C13:0, C14:1, C14:1 t, C15:0, C18:1n11t, C18:2n6cc, C18:2n6tt, C18:3n3, C20:0, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, C22:5n3, C22:5n6, C22:6n3, CLA:10t12c and CLA:9c11t are represented as MEAN (which is back transformed from the mean of logged mean value) with 95 % confidential intervals. b-dFor each parameter and treatment, means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). eResults of the individual fatty acids, C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C14:1, C14:1 t C18:1n9c, C18:1n9t, C18:1n11t, CLA:10t12c, CLA:9c11t , C18:2n6cc, C18:2n6tt, C18:3n3, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, C22:5n3 and C22:5n6 are the same reported in Li et al. [39]
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