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Table 3 Twenty-four top expressed genes and their functions

From: Transcriptome adaptation of the bovine mammary gland to diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids shows greater impact of linseed oil over safflower oil on gene expression and metabolic pathways

Gene symbol

Gene name

a% RPKM abundance

Gene function

CSN2

Casein beta

23.939

Major milk protein, determine surface properties of casein micelles, source of bioactive peptides and amino acids, mammary gland specific protein

CSN1S1

Casein alpha s1

20.051

Major milk protein, antioxidant peptide, plays role in the transport of calcium phosphate, source of bioactive peptides and amino acids, mammary gland specific protein

LGB (PAEP)

Beta-lactoglobulin (progestagen-associated endometrial protein)

9.993

Major milk protein, play role in retinol binding

CSN1S2

Casein alpha-S2

9.197

Major milk protein, produce casocidin-I that inhibits the growth of bacteria, plays role in the transport of calcium phosphate, source of bioactive peptides and amino acids, mammary gland specific protein

CSN3

Casein kappa

8.658

Major milk protein, micelle formation to transport calcium, source of bioactive peptides (casoplatelin inhibits platelet aggregation, casoxins have opioid activity) and amino acids, mammary gland specific

LALBA

Lactalbumin, alpha-

5.484

Major milk protein, forms regulatory subunit of lactose synthase, enables lactose synthase to synthesize lactose, causes allergic reaction in some people, mammary gland specific

GLYCAM1

Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1

2.127

Highly and specifically expressed in the lactating mammary gland, play role in cell adhesion molecule binding

COX1

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1

0.937

Has catalytic activities, is a component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water, subunits 1–3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex, belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family

COX3

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3

0.509

Has catalytic activity, subunits I, II and III form the functional core of the enzyme complex, belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family

ATP6

ATP synthase FO subunit 6

0.430

Play role in the translocation of protons across the membrane, ATPase activity

MT-ND3

Mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 3

0.344

Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain

FABP3

Fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart (mammary-derived growth inhibitor)

0.2921

Play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters, belongs to calycin superfamily, fatty-acid binding protein family

ND1

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1

0.298

Catalytic activity, NADH dehydrogenase activity, belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family

COII (MT-CO2)

Mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II

0.301

Is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water

MT-ATP8

Mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 8

0.252

Unknown function. Is a player in metabolic pathways.

MT-CYB

mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b

0.248

Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex), a respiratory chain that generates an electrochemical potential coupled to ATP synthesis (by similarity)

HSTN

Histatherin

0.232

Unknown

SPP1

Secreted phosphoprotein 1

0.163

Acts as a cytokine, involved in enhancing production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12, reduces production of interleukin-10, is essential in the pathway that leads to type I immunity, probably involved in cell adhesion, belongs to the osteopontin family

MT-ND4

Mitochondrially Encoded NADH Dehydrogenase 4

0.152

Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of

electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain

RPLP1

Ribosomal protein, large, P1

0.144

Is a functional constituent of ribosomes and functions in translational elongation

MFGE8

Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein

0.152

Specific ligand for alpha-v/beta-3 and alpha-v/beta-5 receptors, Contributes to phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells in many tissues

SCD

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase)

0.133

Catalyzes the insertion of a double bond into a spectrum of fatty acyl-CoA substrates including palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA, belongs to the fatty acid desaturase family

RNASE1

Ribonuclease, RNase A family, 1

0.099

Nucleic acid binding and ribonuclease A activity

EEF1A1

Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1

0.099

promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis, involved in Th1 (T helper 1) cytokine production

  1. aRPKM, reads per kilo base per million mapped reads. Values presented as a percentage of all RPKM values