Fig. 4
From: A novel approach to assessing bisphenol-A hazards using an in vitro model system
Differentially expressed proteins regulated cellular processes/diseases and hypothetical depiction of BPA action. (a) BPA-induced differentially expressed (p < 0.05) proteins regulated cellular processes and diseases as depicted by Pathway Studio software. Differentially expressed proteins have been highlighted in yellow background. At least 11 proteins among the 24 differentially expressed proteins were implicated in different disease processes. (b) Hypothetical depiction showing the effects of BPA in spermatozoa and the possible mechanism of action. BPA may bind to membrane receptors on spermatozoa that induce rapid phosphorylation of MAPK (p38), PI3K (p85), PKA substrates and subsequent activation of the kinase systems. Simultaneously, BPA induced the phosphorylation of tyrosine residue (Try-P) of sperm proteins. BPA induced changes in spermatozoa affect the overall protein content of the spermatozoa, ultimately predispose to several pathological outcome