Fig. 5

Candidate mechanisms of cold acclimation in Gryllus pennsylvanicus. a Increased expression of NKA in rectal pad epithelia should increase Na⁺ and water reabsorption; this may counteract leak of water and ions and aid in chill coma recovery). b Downregulation of CA and V-ATPase expression in the Malpighian tubules should slow primary urine production, thereby retaining hemolymph volume. c Cytoskeletal and junctional remodelling of the hindgut may mitigate water and ion leak during cold exposure