Fig. 4

Sand fly life cycle and developmental expression analyses of sex determining genes in P. perniciosus. The first lane left is 100-bp ladder (NEB). RT-PCR amplifications of Ppesod (a), Ppetra (b), Ppetra-2 (c), Ppedsx (d) and Ppefru (e) were performed on the following samples: E = 0-36 h embryos; L1 = first instar larvae; L2 = second instar larvae; L4 = fourth instar larvae; P = pupae; all samples are composed of mixed sexes. The P. perniciosus sod gene, utilized as positive control, is constitutively expressed throughout development. The coloured bars indicate the presence/absence of expression at each developmental stage of Ppetra (blue), Ppetra-2 (green), Ppedsx (green) and Ppefru (yellow) transcripts