Fig. 1

Relative enrichment, taxonomic assignment and substitution profiles of Neandertal-derived U-selected libraries. a Relative enrichment (number of reads) in the U-enriched relative to the U-depleted fraction from Vindija Neandertal assigned to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, as well as to Homo sapiens. b Relative enrichment (number of reads) in the U-enriched relative to the U-depleted fraction from Sidrón Neandertal assigned to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, as well as to Homo sapiens. c Taxonomic tree of reads from Sidrón Neandertal assigned to different taxonomic levels. The size of the circle represents the amount of reads assigned to the node displayed in the tree or to any taxonomic level below it. Assignments to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, as well as the species Streptosporangium roseum and Homo sapiens are named in the taxonomic tree. Other taxonomic groups are either unlabeled or removed from the tree to increase clarity. d Cytosine to Thymine substitutions at the 5′ end of reads aligned to S. roseum from the Sidrón Neandertal U-selected library (U-enriched and U-depleted fractions)