Fig. 3

Transcriptional responses of oysters to ocean acidification and warming. a Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot showing the cumulative expression profiles of differentially regulated genes among B2 oysters (gill tissue) exposed to elevated CO₂ and/or elevated temperature (T). Each point represents the mean relative expression levels of oysters from the same exposure tank (average of 7 oysters for each of the 3 exposure tanks per condition). b Heat map of mean relative expression of differentially regulated genes assessed by qPCR. Gene names and their associated cellular functions are detailed in Additional file 1: Table S1. aCO₂ + aT: ambient CO₂ and ambient temperature; aCO₂ + eT: ambient CO₂ and elevated temperature; eCO₂ + aT: elevated CO₂ and ambient temperature; and eCO₂ + eT: elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature