Fig. 1

Ring-stage parasites are genotypically and phenotypically distinct, yet expression profiles fail to separate resistance phenotypes. a & b Genotypic clustering: Genotypic (any mutation in PfKelch13) and phenotypic markers (parasite clearance half-life) were used to define artemisinin resistance in ring-stage parasites from GSE59097; using both markers, resistant and sensitive parasites from Cambodia (a) and Vietnam (b) separated into distinct populations. Genotype was identified in [49] with samples classified as containing the reference allele (blue), a mutant allele (red, any in the PfKelch13 propeller domain), a mixed population (black, at least two reads from each the reference and mutant alleles), or missing (grey, no sequencing data or fewer than 5 reads). c Phenotypic clustering: Resistant (red) and sensitive (blue) parasites from the two countries fail to cluster with consideration of genome-wide gene expression data (data not shown) or expression of metabolic genes alone