Fig. 3

Impact of direct contact pesticide exposure on queen spermathecal protein expression. a Protein expression changes induced by pesticide exposure and acetone (only proteins significantly different between the pesticide and acetone treatments, surviving 10% FDR threshold by the Benjamini-Hochberg method, are shown). The pesticide treatment was a low-dose mixture of compounds (acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, and pesticides) found in the wax of honey bee colonies, blended in field-realistic proportions. See Table 1 for the relative components. The total dose each queen received was equivalent to a hazard quotient of 502 (imidacloprid) or 511 (mixture). Each column represents the spermatheca from one queen. b Schematic of differentially expressed proteins between groups (A = acetone, I = imidacloprid, M = mixture). c GO term enrichment analysis. Grey triangles indicate the direction of expression driving the enrichment (pesticide mixture relative to acetone). Only GO terms passing a 5% false discovery cut-off are shown (Benjamini-Hochberg method). MF stands for multifunctionality score (higher values are less multifunctional). Circle size is proportional to the number of proteins belonging to the GO term