Fig. 4

Role of the 22 differential genes assigned to one-carbon metabolism and epigenetic mechanisms and their regulation in newly hatched ducklings from the R group (adapted from Clare et al. [15],). Only the genes that have been studied in this work are mentioned. The folate cycle is represented in green and the methionine cycle is represented in blue. The differential genes for the maternal diet that are downregulated or upregulated when comparing the R group ducklings to the C group ducklings are in blue and red, respectively. The 12 DEGs (with a Diet p-value (BH) <  0.05) are in bold whereas the 10 ones which tend to be differently expressed between the two diet groups (with a Diet p-value (BH) <  0.10) are not. They were all downregulated in the R group samples when compared to C group samples, except GLRX and MTR that were upregulated. ADK, Adenosine Kinase; AHCY, Adenosylhomocysteinase; AHCYL1, Adenosylhomocysteinase Like 1; ATIC, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase/IMP Cyclohydrolase; BHMT/2, Betaine--Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase/2; CBS, Cystathionine Beta-Synthase; CHDH, Choline Dehydrogenase; CTH, Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase; DHFR, Dihydrofolate Reductase; DNMT3A, DNA Methyltransferase 3 Alpha; EZH2, Enhancer Of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit; FTCD, Formimidoyltransferase Cyclodeaminase; GART, Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase; GLRX, Glutaredoxin; MAT2B, Methionine denosyltransferase 2B; MSRA, Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A; MTHFD1/2, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase1/2; MTHFD1L, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP+ Dependent) 1 Like; MTHFR, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase; MTR, 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase; MTRR, 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase Reductase; PLAGL1, PLAG1 Like Zinc Finger 1; PRDM2, PR/SET Domain 2; SHMT1, Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 1; TYMS, Thymidylate Synthetase; WNT11, Wnt family member 11. DHF, dihydrofolate; dTMP, thymidine monophosphate; dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate; HCY, homocysteine; MET, methionine; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; THF, tetrahydrofolate. HDAC9, Histone Deacetylase 9; EEF1A1, Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1; HSBP1, Heat Shock factor binding protein 1; ESR1, estrogen receptor 1