Fig. 1

Effect of water deficit on barley seedling root traits. Values are averaged over the three longest roots for each sample. Grey color represents control, red color water deficit samples with n = 25 plants each. Differences between control and water deficit samples were determined by ANOVA using a mixed linear model that included the random effect term id used as a plant identifier (lme(trait ~ treatment*time, random =  ~ 1|id). Post hoc analyses were carried out based on estimated marginal means for each time point separately in pairwise comparisons between control and water deficit samples. A Comparison of root length. B Comparison of root growth rates. Bars represent the standard deviation of the means. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001