Table 3 Summary of GRF gene functions in A. thaliana
Group | Name | ID | Biological Function |
|---|---|---|---|
B | GRF1 | NP_179869.1 | Controls the embryogenic response [38]. Involved in auxin synthesis, as well as the regulation of circadian rhythm and the cell cycle [39]. Involved in regulating leaf growth, size, and morphology [6, 12]. Involved in root growth [3]. Response to abiotic stress (cold [40] and UV-B radiation [41]) and biotic stress (bacteria [39] and cyst nematode infection [3]. Coordinates interactions between defense signaling and plant growth and development [19, 39]. |
B | GRF2 | NP_195488.2 | Regulates the size of organs, such as leaves and cotyledons [6, 12, 42]. Involved in root tissue development [3, 43]. Response to abiotic stress (cold [40] and UV-B radiation [41]). |
B | GRF7 | NP_200177.1 | Involved in chlorophyll synthesis [44]. Response to abiotic stress (cold [40], salinity [45], abscisic acid, and osmotic stress [4]). |
B | GRF8 | NP_194146.1 | Controls the embryogenic response [38]. Involved in chlorophyll synthesis [44]. Related to flower development [16, 46]. |
C | GRF3 | NP_181181.1 | Involved in auxin synthesis, as well as the regulation of circadian rhythm and the cell cycle [39]. Controls the growth and development of leaves, as well as the size of organs [2, 6, 12, 42]. Involved in root tissue development [3, 43]. Response to abiotic stress (cold [40] and UV-B radiation [41, 47]) and biotic stress (bacteria [39] and cyst nematode infection [3]). Coordinates the interactions between defense signaling and plant growth and development [19, 39]. |
C | GRF4 | NP_190859.2 | Controls the embryogenic response [38]. Regulates leaf, cotyledon, and shoot apical meristem [48]. Regulates circadian rhythm of leaves [49]. Regulates growth under conditions of cold stress [40]. |
C | GRF9 | NP_001324014.1 | Controls the embryogenic response [38]. Regulates growth under conditions of cold stress [40]. Regulates leaf growth by controlling cell proliferation in leaf primordia [50]. |
D | GRF5 | NP_188012.2 | Stimulates chloroplast division, photosynthesis, and leaf longevity [30]. Related to ovule formation [51]. Regulates leaf cell proliferation, as well as leaf growth and development [2, 52,53,54]. Regulates growth under conditions of cold stress [40]. |
D | GRF6 | NP_001325112.1 | Regulates growth under conditions of cold stress [40]. Plays a positive regulatory role under conditions of nitrogen starvation [55]. |