Fig. 1

The workflow pipeline of GbyE. The GbyE contains three main steps. (Step 1) Preprocessing of phenotype and genotype data,. The phenotype values in each environment was normalized respectively. Meanwhile, all genotype from HapMap, VCF, BED, and other types were converted to numeric genotype; (Step 2) Generate GbyE phenotype and interactive genotype matrix through the transformation of GbyE. In GbyE.GD matrix, the blue characters indicate additive effect, and red ones indicate interactive effect; (Step 3) The MLM and rrBLUP and BGLR were used to perform GWAS and GS